Students of Learn Computer Academy learning about ARIA accessibility

Your website could be blocking millions of users right now due to ARIA accessibility. Here’s how to fix it.

Did you know that over 1 billion people worldwide live with disabilities?

Yet, most websites remain inaccessible to them.

This isn’t just a moral issue. It’s a business problem.

Inaccessible websites lose customers. They face lawsuits. They miss opportunities.

But here’s the thing: making your website accessible doesn’t have to be complicated.

ARIA accessibility is your secret weapon.

My Wake-Up Call with ARIA Accessibility

Three years ago, I watched my friend Sarah struggle to buy concert tickets online.

She’s blind. Uses a screen reader.

The “Buy Now” button? Just said “Click here.”

The seat selection? A meaningless grid of divs.

She gave up after 20 minutes.

That’s when it hit me: We’re not just excluding users. We’re excluding customers, friends, family members.

Image showing person using screen reader

The Numbers Don’t Lie

15% of the global population lives with disabilities
96.3% of homepages have accessibility failures (WebAIM study)
$13 billion lost annually due to inaccessible websites
Over 4000 accessibility lawsuits filed in 2024 alone

What Is ARIA Accessibility? (And Why It Matters More Than You Think)

ARIA stands for Accessible Rich Internet Applications.

Think of ARIA accessibility as a translator. It takes your complex web components and explains them to assistive technologies like screen readers.

Without ARIA accessibility, your dropdown menu is just a bunch of divs. Your image carousel? A meaningless pile of code.

With proper ARIA accessibility implementation, these become navigable, understandable interfaces.

The brutal truth? Most websites fail basic accessibility tests. Don’t let yours be one of them.

The Real Cost of Ignoring ARIA Accessibility

Here’s what happens when you skip ARIA accessibility:

Legal risks. Companies like Target, Netflix, and Domino’s have faced lawsuits. Millions in settlements.

Lost revenue. The disability market represents $13 trillion in annual disposable income globally.

SEO penalties. Google considers accessibility a ranking factor. Poor accessibility = poor rankings.

Brand damage. Social media doesn’t forgive accessibility failures.

Real Companies, Real Consequences

Target Corporation: $6 million settlement in 2006. Still fighting accessibility lawsuits today.

Domino’s Pizza: Supreme Court case. Spent more on legal fees than fixing their website would have cost.

Netflix: $755,000 settlement for inadequate closed captions.

Beyoncé’s Website: Sued for accessibility violations. Even celebrities aren’t immune.

Screenshots of news headlines about accessibility lawsuits

ARIA Accessibility Fundamentals Every Developer Must Know

The Three Pillars of ARIA Accessibility

1. Roles Tell assistive technologies what an element is.

2. Properties Describe the element’s current state.

3. States Explain what’s happening to the element.

Master these three concepts, and you’ll understand 90% of ARIA accessibility implementation.

How I Test ARIA in 5 Minutes

Here’s my quick accessibility audit process:

Step 1: Turn off your monitor. Navigate with Tab key only.
Step 2: Use a screen reader (NVDA is free for Windows).
Step 3: Check color contrast with WebAIM’s tool.
Step 4: Validate with axe DevTools.
Step 5: Test on mobile with voice control.

Can’t complete these steps? Your site fails accessibility.

Video screenshot showing screen reader navigation

ARIA Roles Cheat Sheet

1. Landmark Roles (Page Structure)

Role	What It Does	When To Use	Example
banner	Site-wide header	Once per page, top header	...
navigation	Navigation menus	For main or secondary navigation	...
main	Main content area	Once per page	...
complementary	Related content sidebar	Sidebars, secondary content	...
contentinfo	Site-wide footer	Footer section	...
search	Search region	Dedicated search forms	...
region	Generic landmark region	Any important section with label	...
form	Grouping form controls	Forms	...

2. Widget Roles (User Interface Controls)

Role	What It Does	When To Use	Example
button	Clickable button	Buttons or links acting as buttons
checkbox	Checkable box	Checkboxes
radio	Radio button	Radio buttons
radiogroup	Group of radio buttons	Group	...
combobox	Dropdown with search/filter	Dropdowns	...
listbox	List of selectable options	Select lists	...
option	Option in a listbox	Items in listbox	Option
slider	Adjustable slider	Sliders
spinbutton	Numeric input with increment/decrement	Numeric inputs
textbox	Text input	Text fields
searchbox	Search input	Search fields
menu	Menu container	Menus	...
menubar	Menu bar	Menu bars	...
menuitem	Item in a menu	Menu items	Save
menuitemcheckbox	Checkable menu item	Checkable menu items	...
menuitemradio	Radio menu item	Radio menu items	...
tab	Tab in tablist	Tabs
tablist	Container for tabs	Tabs container	...
tabpanel	Tab panel	Panels controlled by tabs	...
tooltip	Tooltip information	Tooltips
scrollbar	Scrollbar control	Custom scrollbars

3. Document Structure Roles

......

Role

What It Does

When To Use

Example

article

Self-contained content

Articles, blog posts, comments

...

section

Thematic grouping of content

Sections within pages

...

heading

Section heading

Headings with levels

Title

list

List of items

Lists

...

listitem

Item in a list

List items

...

row

Row in a grid or table

Table rows

rowgroup

Group of rows

Table body or header groups

columnheader

Column header

Table column headers

Name

rowheader

Row header

Table row headers

...

table

Table container

Tables

...

grid

Grid or spreadsheet

Complex tabular data

...

gridcell

Cell in grid

Grid cells

...

tree

Tree widget

Trees

...

treeitem

Item in tree

Tree nodes

...

treegrid

Tree with grid structure

Complex trees

...

aria-level

Work like h1, h2 etc tag

If you not use like h1,h2 etc tags then you can declear using aria-level, browser will understand its heading tag. aria-level-1 to aria-level-6 same as h1 to h6

4. Live Regions and Status

Role	What It Does	When To Use	Example
alert	Important, usually time-sensitive info	For error messages and alerts	Error loading data
alertdialog	Modal alert requiring interaction	Critical dialogs needing immediate attention	...
log	Live region with log updates	For live logs	...
marquee	Scrolling text live region	Scrolling news or info	Breaking news
status	Status messages	Informational live updates	Saved!
timer	Time-related live region	Countdown timers	1:00

5. Miscellaneous Roles

Role	What It Does	When To Use	Example
application	Complex web application	Rare, for apps with custom keyboard interactions	`...`
group	Grouping related elements	Group form fields or controls	`...`
note	Advisory or supplementary info	Side notes or tips	`...`
presentation	Layout or decoration only	Elements ignored by assistive tech	`...`
separator	Divider between sections	Dividers in menus/toolbars

ARIA Attributes Cheat Sheet

1. Naming and Labeling Attributes

Attribute	Purpose	Example
aria-label	Provides an accessible name (text label)
aria-labelledby	References one or more elements that label this	`...`
aria-describedby	References element(s) that describe this element
aria-valuetext	Overrides the text representation of a value

2. State and Property Attributes

Attribute	Purpose	Values / Usage Examples
aria-hidden	Hides element from assistive tech	“true” or “false”
aria-disabled	Indicates element is disabled	“true” or “false”
aria-checked	Check state for checkbox, radio, or menuitemcheckbox	“true”, “false”, or “mixed”
aria-selected	Indicates selection in list, grid, tablist, etc.	“true” or “false”
aria-expanded	Shows if expandable element is expanded	“true” or “false”
aria-pressed	Toggle button pressed state	“true”, “false”, or “mixed”
aria-required	Marks input as required	“true” or “false”
aria-readonly	Element is read-only	“true” or “false”
aria-busy	Indicates loading or updating content	“true” or “false”

3. Relationships and Ownership Attributes

Attribute	Purpose	Example
aria-controls	Identifies element(s) controlled by this element
aria-owns	Creates a parent/child relationship not in DOM	`...`
aria-activedescendant	Identifies currently active child element
aria-flowto	Indicates next element in reading order	`...`

4. Live Region Attributes

Attribute	Purpose	Values / Usage Examples
aria-live	Announces dynamic updates to assistive tech	“off”, “polite”, “assertive”
aria-atomic	Whether updates are presented as a whole or partial	“true” or “false”
aria-relevant	What types of changes are relevant for announcements	“additions”, “removals”, “text”

5. Widget-Specific Attributes

Attribute Purpose Example / Values

aria-valuenow

Current value for slider, spinbutton, progressbar

aria-valuemin

Minimum value

aria-valuemax

Maximum value

aria-colcount

Number of columns in a grid or table




aria-rowcount
 


Number of rows in a grid or table
 





aria-colindex
 


Index of column
 





aria-rowindex
 


Index of row
 






6. Modal and Dialog Attributes


Attribute
Purpose
Example



aria-modal
 


Indicates a modal dialog
 


...


aria-describedby
 


Description for dialog or alert
 


Form is required
Error



7. Miscellaneous Attributes


Attribute
Purpose
Example



aria-live
 


Live region announcements
 


Content updated


aria-atomic
 


Atomic updates of live region
 


“true” or “false”
 




aria-haspopup
 


Indicates presence of popup/menu/dialog
 





aria-level
 


Heading or treeitem level
 


Section title



Tabindex Accessibility Cheat Sheet
This cheat sheet helps you apply tabindex properly for keyboard accessibility, aligning with best practices for semantic HTML, ARIA, and accessible design.
🔢 Tabindex Values & Their Meaning


tabindex Value
 


Description
✅ Use When
 


❌ Avoid When
 





tabindex=”0″
 


Includes an element in the natural tab order
 


For custom elements like
or accessible widgets
 


On elements already natively focusable like, 


 




tabindex=”-1″
 


Focusable only via JavaScript, not by tabbing


For programmatic focus (e.g., modals, alerts, skip links)
 


If keyboard users need to reach it with Tab
 




tabindex=”1+”
 


Overrides natural order with custom tab flow (discouraged)
 


Very specific UI needs (e.g., legacy systems or game-like interfaces)
 


Most cases — it disrupts expected navigation
 





❌ Elements That Don’t Need tabindex="0"




Element
Reason




Already keyboard-focusable
 





Already in tab order
 





Naturally focusable
 





Naturally focusable
 




</code></td>
<td class="column-2">Naturally focusable<br> <br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-7">
<td class="column-1"><code><summary></code></td>
<td class="column-2">Focusable by default in<details><br> <br></details>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-elements-that-may-need-tabindex-0-when-interactive">✅ Elements That MAY Need <code>tabindex="0"</code> (When Interactive)</h3>
<table id="tablepress-15" class="tablepress tablepress-id-15">
<thead><tr class="row-1">
<th class="column-1">Element</th>
<th class="column-2">Recommended Usage<br>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody class="row-striping row-hover">
<tr class="row-2">
<td class="column-1"><code><div></code></td>
<td class="column-2">If used as button, link, tab, etc. with appropriate ARIA role<br> <br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-3">
<td class="column-1"><code><span></code></td>
<td class="column-2">Same as<pre><div></pre>, when made interactive<br> <br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-4">
<td class="column-1"><code><li></code></td>
<td class="column-2">When part of custom components like tabs or menus<br> <br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-5">
<td class="column-1"><code><img></code></td>
<td class="column-2">Only when interactive (e.g., image gallery navigation)<br> <br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-6">
<td class="column-1"><code><svg></code></td>
<td class="column-2">For clickable icons or custom controls<br> <br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-7">
<td class="column-1"><code><section></code></td>
<td class="column-2">When used as a focusable landmark for keyboard navigation<br> <br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-8">
<td class="column-1"><code><article></code></td>
<td class="column-2">Same as above — use tabindex=”0″ only for meaningful keyboard stops<br> <br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="best-practices">💡 Best Practices</h3>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Never use positive <code>tabindex</code> (<code>tabindex="1"</code> or more) unless absolutely required.</li>
<li>Use <code>tabindex="-1"</code> to <strong>trap focus temporarily</strong> (e.g., in modals).</li>
<li>Combine <code>tabindex="0"</code> with proper roles (<code>role="button"</code>, <code>role="link"</code>) and keyboard support (<code>Enter</code>, <code>Space</code> handlers).</li>
<li>Avoid cluttering the page with unnecessary focus targets — focus should only land on <strong>meaningful</strong> elements.</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-7-deadly-aria-sins-i-ve-made-them-all"><strong>The 7 Deadly ARIA Sins (I’ve Made Them All)</strong></h3>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>
<strong>Sin #1:</strong> Using <code>role="button"</code> without keyboard support Fix: Add <code>tabindex="0"</code> and Enter/Space handlers</li>
<li>
<strong>Sin #2:</strong> <code>aria-label</code> on non-interactive elements Fix: Use <code>aria-labelledby</code> or regular text instead</li>
<li>
<strong>Sin #3:</strong> Redundant ARIA roles Bad: <code><button role="button"></code> Good: <code><button></code> (it’s already a button!)</li>
<li>
<strong>Sin #4:</strong> Hiding important content with <code>aria-hidden="true"</code> Fix: Only hide decorative elements</li>
<li>
<strong>Sin #5:</strong> Forgetting to update dynamic content Fix: Use <code>aria-live</code> regions for status updates</li>
<li>
<strong>Sin #6:</strong> Positive tabindex values Bad: <code>tabindex="1"</code> Good: Let natural tab order work</li>
<li>
<strong>Sin #7:</strong> No focus indicators Fix: Add visible focus styles for keyboard users</li>
</ul>
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img width="1024" height="583" decoding="async" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='1024'%20height='583'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Before-after code examples screenshot of bad and good accessible code" class="wp-post-4692 wp-image-4791 defer-loading" data-public-id="learncomputer.in/Before-after-code-examples-screenshot-of-bad-and-good-accessible-code_ebgkfo/Before-after-code-examples-screenshot-of-bad-and-good-accessible-code_ebgkfo.jpg" data-format="jpg" data-transformations="f_webp,q_auto:low" data-version="1750830967" data-seo="1" srcset="" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" data-src="https://res.cloudinary.com/learncomputeracademy/images/w_1024,h_583,c_scale/f_webp,q_auto:low/v1750830967/learncomputer.in/Before-after-code-examples-screenshot-of-bad-and-good-accessible-code_ebgkfo/Before-after-code-examples-screenshot-of-bad-and-good-accessible-code_ebgkfo.jpg?_i=AA" data-srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/learncomputeracademy/images/w_1024,h_583,c_scale/f_webp,q_auto:low/v1750830967/learncomputer.in/Before-after-code-examples-screenshot-of-bad-and-good-accessible-code_ebgkfo/Before-after-code-examples-screenshot-of-bad-and-good-accessible-code_ebgkfo.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/learncomputeracademy/images/w_300,h_171,c_scale/f_webp,q_auto:low/v1750830967/learncomputer.in/Before-after-code-examples-screenshot-of-bad-and-good-accessible-code_ebgkfo/Before-after-code-examples-screenshot-of-bad-and-good-accessible-code_ebgkfo.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/learncomputeracademy/images/w_768,h_437,c_scale/f_webp,q_auto:low/v1750830967/learncomputer.in/Before-after-code-examples-screenshot-of-bad-and-good-accessible-code_ebgkfo/Before-after-code-examples-screenshot-of-bad-and-good-accessible-code_ebgkfo.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/learncomputeracademy/images/w_1536,h_875,c_scale/f_webp,q_auto:low/v1750830967/learncomputer.in/Before-after-code-examples-screenshot-of-bad-and-good-accessible-code_ebgkfo/Before-after-code-examples-screenshot-of-bad-and-good-accessible-code_ebgkfo.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/learncomputeracademy/images/w_2048,h_1166,c_scale/f_webp,q_auto:low/v1750830967/learncomputer.in/Before-after-code-examples-screenshot-of-bad-and-good-accessible-code_ebgkfo/Before-after-code-examples-screenshot-of-bad-and-good-accessible-code_ebgkfo.jpg?_i=AA 2048w" loading="lazy"><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Before-after code examples screenshot of bad and good accessible code</figcaption></figure><h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-my-accessibility-testing-toolkit"><strong>My Accessibility Testing Toolkit</strong></h2>
<p><strong>Free Tools:</strong></p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://wave.webaim.org/">WAVE Web Accessibility Evaluator</a></li>
<li>axe DevTools (<a href="https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/axe-devtools-web-accessib/lhdoppojpmngadmnindnejefpokejbdd">Chrome</a>/<a href="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/axe-devtools/">Firefox extension</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/accessibility/scoring">Lighthouse accessibility audit</a></li>
<li><a href="https://colororacle.org/">Color Oracle (color blindness simulator)</a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Screen Readers:</strong></p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://www.nvaccess.org/download/">NVDA (Windows) – Free</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.freedomscientific.com/products/software/jaws/">JAWS (Windows) – Industry standard</a></li>
<li>VoiceOver (Mac) – Built-in</li>
<li>TalkBack (Android) – Built-in</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Manual Testing:</strong></p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Keyboard-only navigation</li>
<li>High contrast mode</li>
<li>Zoom to 200%</li>
<li>Mobile voice control</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-your-aria-implementation-roadmap"><strong>Your ARIA Implementation Roadmap</strong></h2>
<p><strong>Week 1:</strong> Audit current site</p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Run axe DevTools on top 10 pages</li>
<li>Document all issues</li>
<li>Prioritize by impact</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>2nd Week:</strong> Fix the basics</p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Add alt text to images</li>
<li>Ensure proper heading structure</li>
<li>Test keyboard navigation</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Week 3:</strong> Implement ARIA</p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Add roles to custom components</li>
<li>Set up live regions</li>
<li>Test with screen readers</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Week 4:</strong> Advanced features</p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Complex widgets (carousels, dropdowns)</li>
<li>Dynamic content handling</li>
<li>Mobile accessibility</li>
</ul>
<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img width="1000" height="1000" decoding="async" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='1000'%20height='1000'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="ARIA implementation Roadmap" class="wp-post-4692 wp-image-4793 defer-loading" data-public-id="learncomputer.in/ARIA-implementation-Roadmap_rwscnx/ARIA-implementation-Roadmap_rwscnx.jpg" data-format="jpg" data-transformations="f_webp,q_auto:low" data-version="1750833802" data-seo="1" srcset="" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" data-src="https://res.cloudinary.com/learncomputeracademy/images/w_1000,h_1000,c_fill,g_auto/f_webp,q_auto:low/v1750833802/learncomputer.in/ARIA-implementation-Roadmap_rwscnx/ARIA-implementation-Roadmap_rwscnx.jpg?_i=AA" data-srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/learncomputeracademy/images/f_webp,q_auto:low/v1750833802/learncomputer.in/ARIA-implementation-Roadmap_rwscnx/ARIA-implementation-Roadmap_rwscnx.jpg?_i=AA 1000w, https://res.cloudinary.com/learncomputeracademy/images/w_300,h_300,c_fill,g_auto/f_webp,q_auto:low/v1750833802/learncomputer.in/ARIA-implementation-Roadmap_rwscnx/ARIA-implementation-Roadmap_rwscnx.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/learncomputeracademy/images/w_150,h_150,c_fill,g_auto/f_webp,q_auto:low/v1750833802/learncomputer.in/ARIA-implementation-Roadmap_rwscnx/ARIA-implementation-Roadmap_rwscnx.jpg?_i=AA 150w, https://res.cloudinary.com/learncomputeracademy/images/w_768,h_768,c_fill,g_auto/f_webp,q_auto:low/v1750833802/learncomputer.in/ARIA-implementation-Roadmap_rwscnx/ARIA-implementation-Roadmap_rwscnx.jpg?_i=AA 768w" loading="lazy"><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">ARIA implementation Roadmap</figcaption></figure><p><strong>Does ARIA Slow Down Your Site?</strong></p>
<p>Short answer: No.</p>
<p>ARIA attributes add minimal bytes to your HTML.</p>
<p>The real performance killer? Inaccessible sites that exclude users.</p>
<p><strong>Accessibility = Better UX for Everyone</strong></p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Clear navigation helps all users</li>
<li>Good contrast improves readability</li>
<li>Semantic HTML boosts SEO</li>
<li>Keyboard support helps power users</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Ready to Build a Web That Works for Everyone?</h2>
<p>The choice is yours.</p>
<p>You can keep excluding 1 billion people.</p>
<p>Or you can start today.</p>
<p>Fix one component.</p>
<p>Add one ARIA label.</p>
<p>Test with one screen reader.</p>
<p>Every accessible feature is a person who can now buy from you.</p>
<p>ARIA isn’t about compliance.</p>
<p>It’s about customers.</p>
<p>Your users are waiting.</p>
<p>What are you waiting for?</p>
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ARIA Accessibility: A Developer’s Guide to Website Accessibility

My Wake-Up Call with ARIA Accessibility

The Numbers Don’t Lie

What Is ARIA Accessibility? (And Why It Matters More Than You Think)

The Real Cost of Ignoring ARIA Accessibility

Real Companies, Real Consequences

ARIA Accessibility Fundamentals Every Developer Must Know

The Three Pillars of ARIA Accessibility

ARIA Roles Cheat Sheet

1. Landmark Roles (Page Structure)

2. Widget Roles (User Interface Controls)

3. Document Structure Roles

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4. Live Regions and Status

5. Miscellaneous Roles

ARIA Attributes Cheat Sheet

1. Naming and Labeling Attributes

2. State and Property Attributes

3. Relationships and Ownership Attributes

4. Live Region Attributes

5. Widget-Specific Attributes

7. Miscellaneous Attributes

Section title

Tabindex Accessibility Cheat Sheet

🔢 Tabindex Values & Their Meaning

❌ Elements That Don’t Need `tabindex="0"`

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